Storage and Buffering#

Storage and buffering systems provide temporal flexibility within energy regimes by absorbing variability and supporting transitions between operating contexts.

These systems include:

• Battery storage
• Pumped hydro
• Thermal storage
• Other buffering mechanisms

Assumptions regarding charge state, response time, and availability define the regime contribution of storage assets.

Structural awareness clarifies when storage behavior reflects expected buffering within an operating envelope versus boundary conditions that require regime reassessment. This improves coordination between generation, transmission, and distribution without introducing new control dependencies.